Princess de Cleves , Tartuffe, Nathan the Wise: a study of Irony Essay

In Princess de cleves which is believed to be written by Madam La Fayette irony has been used to describe the heroine who is torn between her duty and love. While her heart is passionate about her lover, her sense of duty towards her husband and above all the societal norms forbade her to do so. In the very first scene the writer describes about the splendor and magnificence of the court of Henry II ,it is inhabited by beautiful ladies and handsome gallants. The heroine gets impressed by it but her mother warns her against false appearances because she knows that outwardly these people are attractive but inwardly they are all jealous of each other. â€Å"If you judge by appearances in this place†¦you will often be deceived, because what appeals to be the case hardly ever is. †(Introduction, Princess de cleves by Penguin Classics pg. 4). Here we see a form of situational irony because the princess takes the outward appearances of people to be their true self while they are quite contrary to it. Again when she refuses to see Nemours but he is brought to her room by her own husband; it is a dramatic irony for the husband who is unaware that Nemours is his wife’s lover. Princess de Cleves questions the false norms of the society which demand that princess should follow the path of duty while heart yearns for love. Her world is ruined by her passion but throughout the novel she pretends that she is in control of her life. In the end her mother’s words: ‘what appeals to be the case hardly ever is’ are applicable to her as well. Jazz 2 Tartuffe, a comedy by Moliere mocks at the people who are befooled by hypocrites in the name of religion. In Act I when Orgon returns home, he asks his maid Dorine about the news of the family, Dorine reports that Madam was down with fever and headache but Orgon is more concerned about his ‘friend and mentor’ Tartuffe’s health. Dorine reports that he is well but Orgon says that he is a ‘poor man. ’ The dialogue continues and Dorine reports that Madam could not take her supper nor could she sleep but Tartuffe ate up two patridges and half a leg of mutton and slept quite well Orgon again calls him ‘poor man. ’ We experience a verbal irony in the following comment by Dorine â€Å"they are both doing well and I’ll go straightway and inform my mistress how pleased you are at her recovery. †( by Wilbur ActI , Scene II) In the next scene when Orgon is talking to Cleante , he says that Tartuffe has totally transformed him and now he has no love for his wife, children or mother he can even see them dying without caring a snap to which Cleante replies â€Å"Your feelings are humane , I must say brother! †( by Wilbur ActI , scene VI). Here we see a verbal comedy because Cleante actually means it is ‘inhuman’. Through the irony in this play Moliere emphasizes that people should not be gullible to religious zealots, as Cleante says that wise men ‘do not make noise of their deeds of honor’ and ones who do so are actually hypocrites fooling people. Jazz 3 In the poem Nathan the wise Lessing questions the reality of all the religions. When all the religions believe in God then why each considers his religion to be superior? This is itself an irony. In act III when Nathan appears before sultan Saladin he thinks that he will be asked to part with his money because he has been told by Al Hafi that sultan just wants to rob people and Nathan is just like any other trader who supplies him with money . On the contrary sultan asks him to answer his question –which religion is better or is preferred by Nathan because Sultan considers Nathan as a wise man who can answer his questions. This may be described as a form of structural irony where the unexpected thing happens . As Nathan says â€Å"I came prepared with cash-he asks truth. Truth? as if truth too were cash—a coin disu’d†( Taylor and Lewes, Act III). Lessing uses structural irony in Act IV when Friar tells Nathan that he is the same man who gave him the girl child. Nathan says that his own family was burnt alive by Christians but he brought up the Christian girl as his own child and looked after her lovingly. Friar is touched and says that Nathan is a true Christian. â€Å"Nathan you are a true Christian! Yes, by God† Nathan: â€Å"Heaven bless us! What makes me to you a Christian makes you to me a jew. †(Taylor and Lewes, act IV). Here they are praising again their own religions but fail to realize the oneness of their Gods. This poem gives a strong message that we have different religions and faiths and we consider our religion to be superior which teaches us to worship ‘our’ God but who , ironically is one . Works Cited Cave , Terence (translator) Princess de cleves Oxford world classics. UK (13 march ,2009) La Fayette. The Princess de Cleves Penguin classicsUK. (first published, March 1678) Lessing Ephraim Gotthold. Nathan the Wise translated by Taylor William And Lewes lee Charles, Leipzig 1868. (14 march 2009) Wilbur, Richard(translator) Tartuffe: comedy in five acts â€Å"A Harvest/HBJ book†( first published 1669)

A Tree Grows in Brooklyn, A Story of a Little Girl, Mary Frances Nolan

Betty Smith isn't well known for her many works, but the one book that almost everyone has heard about, is A Tree Grows in Brooklyn. In this novel she shows herself to be an author of great depth and knowledge; she gives us a peek into the complex human soul. This book gives great insight into life; it shows why many people strive to become someone better and how some people are able to move up to a better station in life even though there are tremendous odds and A Tree Grows in Brooklyn touches everyone's' hearts. It is about a little girl, Mary Frances Nolan (also known as Francie), growing up in the poorer part f Brooklyn with a drunken, singing waiter for a father. This father somehow always makes her feel so special and â€Å"normal†. She lives with her severely realistic mother, her father, and a brother(Neeley) who is privileged as the â€Å"favorite child†. Francie is treated poorly throughout school because she is so different and independent. Francie always kept to herself and was the silent studious type, which deepened the division between herself and the other of the At a very young age Francie learned how important money is as well as the division in society caused by money as well as education. Because of this division and Neeley's favoritism, Francie becomes the sole provider for the family after the her father's death. She goes to work straight after graduation from grade school and never gets to have the pleasure and luxury of a high school diploma, but that doesn't stop her from her dreams. Her dreams of moving up in the world, to a place were you don't have to worry about where your next meal comes from; a place where money doesn't necessarily make you rich. This may sound like a ridicules dream considering that today a high school diploma is mandatory for veryone. At this point in time; however, very few people, without wealth, were able to get a higher education or even be able to go to high school. Yet nothing can stop Francie from completing her dream. This wonderful book cuts right to the heart of life. It show the true American dream; the dream of higher education and a better and equal way of life for everyone. The novel tells this dream through one special girl who realizes that she can be and do better. If you don't read A Tree Grows in Brooklyn you will be denying yourself a rich experience of the true American dream.

Annotated Bibliography on Virtual Classroom for Middle School Research Paper

Annotated Bibliography on Virtual Classroom for Middle School - Research Paper Example Generally, the findings of the study showed online learning are user-friendly and cost-effective. This study would be useful in this study, as it would supply resourceful insights to expand the critical dimensions of the study. Peterson, P., E. (2010). Saving Schools: From Horace Mann to Virtual Learning. New York: Harvard University Press. This book explored the subject of virtual learning within the overall perspective of the historical development of the American education system. The book analyzed the efforts of change advocated by prominent reformers from the eighteenth century to the current period. One general observation that the study makes is that the reform efforts did not yield the desired results as originally intended by the reformers. For instance the book argues that the falling standards of America’s education system is a result of the cumulative effects of past reform efforts. However, the study concludes that virtual learning has the potential of reversing t he damage done on the American education system. This source would be resourceful in analyzing the possible opportunities and pitfalls of virtual learning. Kupczynski, L., Mundy, M., A., Goswami, J., Meling, V. (2012). Cooperative Learning in Distance Learning: A Mixed Methods Study. International Journal of Instruction, 5, (2), 81-90. This study sought to determine the efficacy of cooperative learning within virtual settings. The study was conducted at a Hispanic Serving Institute. The study compared between the traditional forms of online learning and online cooperative learning on the score of effectiveness. The study consisted of 56 participants. Both qualitative and quantitative methods were used in the study. Regarding the quantitative results, the study established that there was no significant difference in performance between students from the traditional online approaches and those in the online cooperative learning category. However, qualitative results of this study show ed that a significant percentage of the respondents in the cooperative learning category were more satisfied than those in the traditional forms of online learning. The relevance of this source to the study is to be determined from the score of comparisons between the different forms of virtual learning in relation to its relevance in grade school. Sun, K. (2005). A study on learning effect among different learning styles in a Web-based lab of science at elementary schools. Advanced Learning Technologies. 80-82 This study sought to investigate the value of virtual learning within the field of science at the elementary level. The study involved a comparison of between two groups in a laboratory learning session. The intervention group was subjected to a web-based program of learning while the control group was limited to conventional forms of laboratory learning. The results showed that students from the web-based learning program showed better results than those in the conventional methods. The results also showed that the virtual learning model was suitable for different forms of learning. Further, the results of the study indicated that a majority of the students preferred to be subjected to the web-based models of learning than the other forms of learning. A significant majority expressed their displeasure in the exclusive use of the textbook model of teaching and argued in favor of

Quantitative analysis Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2250 words

Quantitative analysis - Essay Example The measurement is based on a proper sequence, and time intervals are equally distant and uniform (Schelter, Winterhalder et al. 319). The main aim of this kind of analysis is to determine any possible existence of a pattern or sequence in a given set of data. The time series analysis itself offers variety of methods, namely the forecasting approach, the univariate approach, which involves limited variables, and other advanced techniques like Gaussian and Box-Jenkins model. Large number of events can be counted as examples of time series analysis that we see in our daily life in our routine activities. For example, the constant rise in the inflation rate, the unemployment rate, the rise in salary, local currency depreciation, annual budgets estimation and comparison with the past values and prediction of upcoming budgets – all these things are possible through the effective tool known as time series analysis. Time series analysis is a vast entity in itself and contains various other methods and approaches, which makes it one of the most effective means of quantitative analysis of data. Various types of Time Series Analysis Continuous time series As the name applies, the samples and patterns are collected over a continuous and recurrent time frame (Tsay 287). Discrete In contrast to continuous time series, the discrete method attains certain values at fixed and definitive moments. Deterministic vs. Stochastic The data so obtained is deterministic in nature, that is, the accuracy and predication level is relatively high and accurate. The stochastic method involves relative use of probability and assumption based on the trends. These trends are collected from the past and present values, which enables the prediction of future trends. Advantages There are a number of advantages attached to this form of analysis; the first and foremost is the possibility to analyze things based on solid foundations and evidence, which involves study and consideration of sampl es and patterns from past values and may include the data from present values if a future trend is to be determined. It enables gathering data on a more consistent pattern that is relatively more reliable. Another advantage of this pattern is the co-relational factor and dependency between the variables involved. With the element of dependency in the analysis, the results become more reliable and consistent, and in such cases a change in one, or any other alteration, might result in disturbance and variation in the other, so the entire system is under a uniform control and each entity is dependent on the presence and behavior of the other entity in the system under analysis. Due to this feature, it has the ability to determine the linear and non-linear functions and relations. Other salient features of time series analysis include constant observation, with no data missing in-between, and the time slots and observational chunks are equally spaced. Applications Though time series ana lysis finds its application in a large number of places and circumstances, the most notable of them is the process of forecasting. Forecasting is an essential tool of managerial world and in other processes where predictions are needed and made about a certain future value. Time series analysis is the best tool for it. The process is naturally designed in such a way that completely fulfils the requirements of a

Answers for quiz questions Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words - 1

Answers for quiz questions - Essay Example It engages the consumers into falsified meta-communication and disturbs the commodified social relations (Strasser 145). McRobbie explains the commodity feminism by using different T.V shows’ female characters as examples. She talks about the series ‘Sex in the City’ in which the female characters are independent and career oriented. McRobbie also talks about the popular pre-school TV program â€Å"Dora the Explorer†. The purpose of talking about the female characters is to determine the gender appropriation. The examples given by her are commonly known by all and they better describe the film’s discussion by bringing to light the gender roles in this subject. She believes Dora to be an empowered active female subject(Coleman 19). Question 3: The Duffy piece focuses on the rhetoric of authenticity in women’s magazines. Using the reading, explain what she means by this and identify an example from the film in which we’re sold a different type of authenticity. As the term authenticity is being focused in the context of the Magazine, it refers to the inner â€Å"Real† beauty. The authentic beauty is a real body’s imperfect physical beauty. There is an opinion that a woman should choose a physical look to demonstrate her inner, real beauty (Bose 170). The commercial culture has been deploying the appeals to the self-expression. Women’s magazine and advertisements have been infusing increasingly with the rhetoric of authenticity (Sedivy and Carlson 43) â€Å"Thin! Bronzed! Botoxed! Blonde! Too many women—even famous ones—are caving into a cookie-cutter standard of beauty. True glamour means not conforming to some standard.†Ã¢â‚¬â€Glamour Magazine, 2008 Question 4: Identify and describe an example from the film where you see advertisers use misdirection in language. What is this language concealing? Using the same ad/campaign, identify 2 ways in which it fits into one of the phases of advertising. The advertisers studies

See below Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 3500 words

See below - Research Paper Example This piece of research paper addresses human resource development in relation to the human resource perspectives and theories and analyzes how this is different in two major companies with different environment and core technologies. This paper identifies Hewlett Packard and Nestle as the two major companies with quite different environments and attempts to find how these two companies modeled and structured its human resource development practices and strategies. Human Resource Development According to Blanchard and Thacker (2007, p. 29), Human Resource Development plays vital role in improving the effectiveness of an organization by providing employees with knowledge, skills and abilities (KSA) that in turn can enhance their current as well as future job performance. Human resource development is thus a broad term that includes training, development and coaching to the employees of an organization in order them to learn, grow and adjust with various workplace related issues. As men tioned earlier, due to a number of ever-changing business contexts like technology, workplace changes etc, workers are to cope with all such changes and related issues. This is one of the main reasons why people in an organization need training and development. Training, development and any other program that is essentially a part of Human Resource Development help people in the organization become high performing workers, highly productive and thus to help the organization become highly profitable as well as highly competitive in the market as well. Blanchard and Thacker (2007, p. 29) explained what happen if knowledge, skills and abilities are not considered as important and employees are trained or developed to improve these areas. If new KSAs are not seen relevant, they won’t get converted to employees’ jobs and this will cause nothing more than wastage of the available resources. Effective training and developmental programs can meet needs of both employees and or ganization. Werner and DeSimone (2008, p. 4) defined Human Resource Development as â€Å"a set of systematic and planned activities designed by an organization to provide its members with the opportunities to learn necessary skills to meet current and future job demands†. Gaining new knowledge, learning new methods of performing the jobs, understanding easier ways to do the current or future jobs, developing these knowledge and skills to perform them are at the core of human resource development. Workplace learning and performance has recently become an extremely important human resource concern. As human resource management focuses on workplace learning and its integral part, namely knowledge management, the Human Resource Development program aims to develop the knowledge, skills, expertise, abilities, productivity and satisfaction of the people in the organization. Human Resource Development has recently evolved to be a management strategy that, with the title HRM, makes in dividuals sound almost like the nuts and bolts of an organization that can be interchanged and dispensed with at will (Wilson, 2005, p.

Breakthrough in Airline Industry Thesis Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words

Breakthrough in Airline Industry - Thesis Example Two successful companies are proposed as case study samples for the survey and extensive person-to-person interviews, namely, Southwest Airlines and American Airlines. In addition, two other profit-taking companies, Singapore Airlines and Cathay Pacific, shall serve as subjects of secondary interest as the thesis looks into their CRM practice by requesting them through e-mail or fax to fill up a questionnaire on the topic. If feasible, the proposed research shall locate any remaining office or persons that can speak for the failed Oasis Airlines, which is currently undergoing bankruptcy proceedings. Learning about the CRM techniques of both a successful and a collapsed airline is valuable to the proposed thesis since it will enable us to evaluate which process is more effective and useful. Whilst one airline after another goes out of business or on the edge of bankruptcy, a handful of airlines continue to operate profitably as if no crisis assails the industry at all. The most prominent of these successful airlines are Southwest Airlines, Cathay Pacific, Singapore Airlines, American Airlines and EasyJet. ... Southwest Airlines, for example, was recently honored by the US Department of Transportation for having the least number of complaints received from customers. It is interesting to see what management and operational strategies do these airlines employ to insulate their companies against the current economic crisis as well as the instabilities common to the industry, which can be highly instructive to both practitioners and students of management and marketing. 1.1 Main question: How do the fairly successful airlines handle their contacts with customers as compared to the customer relationship management applications used by failed airlines 1.2 Sub-questions: (1) Can adoption of CRM in the airline industry make a difference between long-term and short-term profitability (2) Which is more beneficial to an airline: online selling of plane tickets or through travel agents (3) Are loyalty schemes that reward frequent flyers part of good CRM practice that should be offered by troubled airlines (4) What tangible benefits have successful airlines derived from CRM for this to be considered a breakthrough system of management for the highly vulnerable airline industry 2. Literature Review Research for the proposed thesis shall focus on the actual results and benefits of CRM applications in airlines in light of the inherent difficulty in managing an airline and the turbulence experienced by the industry in the past few years. In effect, it will measure the impact of CRM applications on the bottom line of airlines based on the experience of Southwest Airlines and American Airlines. Studies of airline CRM in the existing literature, on the other hand, mostly discuss the rationale and mechanics of this process

Impact of Labour Unrest for Business (Production) Essay

Impact of Labour Unrest for Business (Production) - Essay Example Labor unrests are generally organized and strike actions carried out by labor unions in the case of the failure of solving such labor disputes. The employees and the overall workforce alter the normal production routine process, thus impacting the shareholders of the production business; the key reason for these unrests is the workers articulating for the increase in wages and labor rights (Silver, 2003). The impacts of labor unrests on a production firm or a business can be discussed as follows. Lower Production levels Labor unrests have a significant impact on the businesses dealing with production, as they lead to lower production levels. Strikes by workers affect greatly the production levels, because most of the production businesses do not have production schedules where one day stock is taken as surplus. Thus labor unrests can lead to the drastic decrease in the production volumes, which can impact the key wholesalers and retailers negatively, as the business production is a c ountrywide supplier (Silver, 2003). Shift in consumer demand Labor in the production business causes shifts in the demand of consumers, notably in the case of strikes. Typically, most of the manufacturing companies keep a significant volume of inventory in their warehouses purposely, as a precaution against labor unrests, which can only represent not more than a month inventory. This production schedule approach ensures that companies continue with their normal production and supply operations for some time after the unrests, thus providing a period for solving the labor dispute without much effect on their business operations (Silver, 2003). In the case of the dispute taking long to be resolved, consumers may wait for the return of the normal operations or shift to the available competitors. Overlap impacts Labor unrests of higher degree of magnitude such as nationwide strike have a direct as well as an indirect impact on the related markets. Such labor unrests are characterized by work stoppage in the production manufacturing company, and this has a great impact on its major outlets and other stakeholders that have frequent transactions with the company. Labor unrests can lead to a standstill of operations in its markets. Companies operating as providers of complimentary services to the production company are the highly affected, because its services or commodities will loose it major market share due to the slowdown of operations at the production company’s plants. This situation may lead to these stakeholders’ decision to go to other markets and the suppliers’ decision to go to the market outlets (Silver, 2003). Loss of revenue and profits Labor unrests cause slowdown and, at times, standstill in the operations at the manufacturing plants. These standstills and slowdowns have an impact of reducing the volume of sales. Lower volume of sales translates into lower revenue realized from them, leading to lower profitability as compared with the period of labor stability (Silver, 2003). This impact is commonly expected to extend to the major outlets, as the level of supply will go down and the company is a nationwide distributor. In this case the company will go at a loss, since the overhead fixed cost will remain the same, straining the less realized revenue and the profits. Impact on employee performance An

Literary Essay Essay Example for Free

Literary Essay Essay Nothing says adventure like running away from villains and getting shot at to start a career as a spy. Though many townspeople of Cumberland in Geoffrey Treases Cue for Treason think Peter Brownrigg is the best of the best, it is clear that not many people inherit the qualities to become a good spy. Katherine Russel is an exception. Kit is courageous and secretive, and therefor is the best spy in Cumberland. To begin, courage is one Kits most striking characteristics. Although it is shown throughout the book on many occasions, by a couple characters, it tells us that she is a brave person. One example of this was when the miners tried to block the road so they could rob the two, but they failed. This happened because kit was able to be courageous affectively, at the right time. â€Å"So she rode back. Heroine or idiot? I didn’t know. I’m flattered to know that, for the moment, she was thinking more of my fate† (Trease 253) said Peter Brownrigg after Kit turned to save him. Katherine was able to get away on her horse when peter was unable to. Katherine was being very courageous risking her own life for that of her friends when faced with a dangerous situation. When Mr. Desmond fell into a river with his horse Katherine was one of the first people to jump in and save him. As peter said himself â€Å"She swam like an otter, and I saw at once that I needn’t fear for her anymore, than myself† (90). Jumping into a river to save someone who is injured must be the biggest act of courage and bravery. Again she risks her life for that of someone else’s and returns unscathed. She also risked revealing her secret when she changed from her wet clothes. The last point would be when Kit manages to find out Mr.  Armthwaite is actually a friend of Sir Philip Morten. Courage is shown here when she threatens him and jumps out of a window with Peter. â€Å"If you touch that bell cord† said Kit â€Å"you’ll get something that will upset you still more† (229). Mr. Armthwaite is left dumbfounded that she found this out. The courage is shown here when she finds it in herself to pull out her gun and start accusing Mr. Armthwaite of being on Cahoots with Sir Philip Morten. These are the parts of the book that show she is courageous which is as to why she is the best spy in Cumberland. Next, Kit shows how she is very secretive and protective about her life and about how many things people know about her. The main secret she is keeping from everyone is that she is a girl. She does not relize it but all the other child actors, at the time, were angry because she did not participate in any of their games or activities that would show her true identity. â€Å"Kit showed no special interest in me –or anyone else, for he lived a strange aloof existence† (75) said Peter when he was discovering and questioning who kit was â€Å"Who was Kit Kirkstone? † (74). This is an important part of the book because it gives Peter an idea that he is actually a she. It also shows that she was able to keep her secret for that long already. Another good way she was being secretive was the way she never told anyone bout Sir Philip Morton or what he was going to do to her. This was shown when Kit spills the beans on her past life including the arranged marriage with Sir Philip â€Å" I pity the man who marries you against your will† (114) chuckled Shakespeare. The way the other characters react when this is told is surprisingly believable (shocked and surprised). This is so because Sir Philip Morton is also the man chasing peter. Katherine was also able to keep this a secret till this part of the book. The Last point would be when Kit tells Mr. Desmond she is actually a boy. Mr. Desmond is one of the many people who believed this throughout most of the book. After giving Mr. Desmond a fake name, Katherine is allowed into the actors group after showing some talent â€Å"Kirkstone will pass† sighed Desmond. This is shows how good she is at lying. Kit had no choice to lie to Mr. Desmond because he would have not let her act if she found out she was a girl. Mr.  Desmond would have put her on backstage with his wife Mrs. Desmond. Considering all the points that were shown throughout the book on Kits secrecy and true identity, it’s safe to say that she is the best spy in Cumberland. In conclusion, courageous and secretive are just two of the many words to describe Katherine Russel, which shows she is the best spy in Cumberland. Through the acts and demonstrations given by Katherine Russel, it is obvious she should continue down the path that she has chosen, but when shown again, is the life of a spy an appropriate one? Appropriate for a twelve year old girl?

To Have a Baby Essay Example for Free

To Have a Baby Essay When couples have their own babies, they will experience positive things in life. For one, having a baby can change their life for the better as babies symbolize the miracle of life. Another is that it can also bring joy and happiness into their lives while easing away any of their emotional burdens. Finally, it can also train couples to become more responsible as they grow older. Babies symbolize the miracle of life and for perhaps the best reason. A newly born baby provides people a reminder of the wonders of life. From the baby’s moving arms and legs to the baby’s first cry, all of the things that a baby does are proofs of life and can only assure couples that their child is a symbol for their fruitful existence. Babies can ease any emotional burdens of couples since babies bring joy and happiness into their lives. A simple smile or chuckle from a baby can easily lighten the mood of anyone, especially the parents of the baby. It can be said that the laughter of a baby is infectious; those around a chuckling baby is sure to feel the same way, if not act in almost the same way as the baby. A â€Å"bad† day can easily turn into a bright and happy one when babies begin to smile at their parents. Having a baby is in itself a training process since the tasks involved in rearing a child from birth onwards are crucial. From changing diapers to making the baby fall asleep in one’s arms, all of the things that couples do for the welfare of their baby is a training process that nurtures them into becoming responsible individuals as parents and as members of the society. There are more positive things that babies can bring into the lives of couples, thereby making life happier for these people with fewer reasons, if any, to be disheartened. To raise a child from infancy is a challenging but rewarding experience that can only be compared next to nothing. To have a baby is to essentially have all the reasons in life to be happy and satisfied.

Creation of a Business School and Curriculum

Creation of a Business School and Curriculum Introduction: With the increased importance and influence of environmental issues in the business world, it is imperative to find out those issues which are important in both business school curricula and textbooks. It is also anticipating that business students are fairly knowledgeable about these issues. It has been seen that business school students have a limited working knowledge of the environment (Barnes Ferry 1992). But, environmental issues are not covered in the majority of the business strategy, international management, marketing, and strategic management textbooks. The world is marked by a progressively more rapid rate of change. Academic institutions are among those institutions in society, which are least prepared to respond quickly to changes (Barnes Ferry 1992). Acclimatizing to new developments and shifting to new areas of inquiry do not come easily for these institutions (Barnes Ferry 1992). The objective behind developing the post-graduate curricula is not only to improve the academic level of the students but also to improve the knowledge of business and corporate professionals, but unfortunately, the management courses provided by the various universities not include the practical knowledge (Barnes Ferry 1992). Developing Post-Graduate Studies in Strategic Management The aim of any business school should be to develop the course, which creates the synergy between academic as well as business world. The objective of the business school should be to develop higher education of excellence (Buyya Ramamohanarao 2008). The courses designed should be based on the practical knowledge of the student and the textbooks should include the corporate and business case study, so that the management students learn about the present scenario in the corporate world. The course must include special knowledge and technical skills. The business schools should develop their rules and regulations for selecting the applicants like there should be rigid standards of qualification for the entrance of new students. The ICFAI business school will be opened in the United States and its masters program would include the courses like MBA, on-line MBA, Post graduation in Strategic management, executive MBA and Business school MBA. The Masters is an academic degree conferred by a business school or university for those who complete two year of prescribed study after the bachelors degree (Buyya Ramamohanarao 2008). It recognizes the expertise in an academic discipline or professional field of study, which is gained through intensive course work and through a comprehensive examination. Whereas the curriculum of these courses would include corporate education, corporate training, practical real case studies of the organization, long learning cases and regional business associations. Introducing a new master’s program Post graduation in strategic management program is primarily for commerce and arts graduates who are seeking practical and professional specialization in management as well as in corporate world. It’s also appropriate for professionals with a background in related disciplines who are working in the companies as the middle managers. In present years, the demand for educational courses in management has expanded rapidly (Buyya Ramamohanarao 2008). This has led to a huge demand for the professionals like marketing executives, finance executives, HR executives, etc. The new master’s program of ICFAI business school will emphasize on building the student’s technical background. Its key objectives is that on completion of this course, the candidates will have considerable expertise in key areas of marketing, corporate planning and international marketing (Buyya Ramamohanarao 2008). The program will help the students to apply the acquired techniques and knowledge to develop and implement awareness in organizations. This would help the management students to analyze and examine different projects to meet current and future needs of an organization (Buyya Ramamohanarao 2008). The program has numerous unique features: The students will comprehend global and domestic economic theories and their application to the business setting. The students will understand the strategic theories, the formulation and implementation of strategy. It will promote the use of industry standards (MBA Program Objectives 2008). The half of the program focuses on highly specialized topics such as distributed systems, marketing, international business, and human resource, etc. It includes a compulsory project where students have to attend three to four week projects. The management students will be able to identify customer needs and participate in the process of developing products and services to meet these needs (MBA Program Objectives 2008). The students would be explained about the importance of SWOT analysis, Environment scanning. The students will understand the importance of internal and external appraisal of industry. Students would be able to expand their insight and skills in developing the project management, enterprises and entrepreneurial activities (MBA Program Objectives 2008). The students will have an appreciation of the political, environmental, legal and regulatory setting of the organization. The masters program of the business school would emphasize on the corporate education and training of the students. The students would be acknowledged with the day to day problems that the companies are facing (MBA Program Objectives 2008). The business school would emphasize on the live case studies, so that the students learn about the difficult ties that are faced by the organization. The ICFAI business school will stress on giving the practical knowledge to the students rather than filling their minds with theoretical knowledge (Mathew 2005). The business schools would have links with the various universities and the corporate in order to provide better project training to the students (MBA Program Objectives 2008). The institution would emphasize on the 100% placement of the students. Corporative Universities belong to the enterprise that requires permanent and efficient human resources. It is said that at the end of the present decade, the corporative universities will go beyond in number as compared to the traditional universities (Guadilla 2004). If the corporative universities will grow enduringly, the traditional universities would decrease. The learning modes of the corporative universities are continuously incorporating the modality of distance teaching. The business school would also look forward for the corporate training of the students. Corporate training is a training solution that provides real knowledge of business. Training would help to build the right skill levels amongst the students, which in turn will support them in handling the various projects. Tuition fee for the students is determined at the beginning of an academic year. Tuition fee can be paid at once or in installments. The mode of paying will be regulated at the time of admission (Mathew 2005). Structure of the strategic management course The ICFAI business school programme delivers 40 Master level credits each year. Each section is awarded 10 credits. The range of unit or section varies between the first and second year as well as according to the knowledge and experience of the students. The modules for the first year include: Marketing and Strategic Management I. For the Second year, the modules include: Strategic Human Resource Management, Corporate strategic planning and Dissertation. Contents: The strategic Management contents would include introduction to strategic management; corporate governance and social responsibility; Environmental scanning and Industry analysis; strategy formulation; strategy implementation; Strategic issues in entrepreneurial ventures and businesses. Faculty: The faculty of ICFAI business school will include: Josep Arno, faculty for HR; Michael Bashshur, faculty for Organization Behavior; Xavier Calsamiglia, faculty for economics; Lluà ­s Mosella Ximà ©nez, faculty for business environment; Bernard Retali, faculty for Corporate strategy; Oscar Gutierrez, faculty for finance, etc (MBA faculty 2008). Evaluation: The students in ICFAI business school would be timely evaluated. They would be given proper feedback about the paper, by the faculty members. There would be a special room for evaluating the students’ performance. Regional Implementation strategy Before starting the master’s programme, it is important to evaluate the regional atmosphere of the place. Local strategies mainly focus on the home-market and implement a policy that is more responding to local needs, values and demands. This usually happens on a regional basis like Western European countries or Northern part of Europe. In the US, the University of Chile and the University of Southern Indiana is one of the oldest universities. In Latin America, University of Chile is the most impressive institution. The students in the United States would first prefer these institutes. It is very important that the ICFAI business school provides the extra curricular programmes so that the students prefer it. The Business school has to develop its own strategy to survive in the market. The ICFAI business school has to select the top faculties like Samuel Hollander, Tikva Frymer-Kensky, etc. As far as the glocal view is concerned, it refers to the individual, group, division, unit, organization and community which is willing and is able to think globally and act locally. It is important to plan and implement the global strategy to launch itself in international market. Global strategy is based on a strategy that entails a long-range planning that is designed to achieve desired goals. For business, strategy involves an incorporated and coordinated set of commitments and actions to increase competitive advantages and to obtain the targeted returns. To develop internationally, I would like to develop the branches of business school in the other countries. I would make the proper use of distribution channels. Comparative Analysis of various MBA institutions Every MBA institution has its own courses and curriculum. The curricula differentiate on the basis of the number of subjects, number of projects and the exams criteria, as many institutes have the semester or module system and some have the yearly system. Some of the universities like Ben-Gurion University of Israel provide the courses like Humanities and Social Sciences, natural Sciences, engineering Sciences, health Sciences, management, etc. It emphasizes on the various student development programmes whereas the University of Deusto is one of the most well-known and prestigious academic institutions in Spain, which has campuses both in Bilbao and San Sebastià ¡n (University of Deusto 2008). The Business College of this University was founded in the year 1916 and it was the first college for nearly 50 years in Spain. It became the Faculty of Economics and Business Administration in the year 1973. These universities differ on the basis of the services and education provided by the institutions. Both of the universities are the prestigious as well as renowned institution. The selection of the institutes sometimes depends on the needs and demand of the student. Review of International MBA’s In the present scenario, the area of management is receiving a large amount of attention because the organization and the environment are becoming more and more complex (Barnes Ferry 1992). The globalization process has caused the dispersion of international management. Such a process of transmission may be contributing to an increasing homogeneity of managerial practice around the world but significant differences will still remain. The importance of MBA programmes has resulted in diverse systems and intended to guide prospective students in their choice. International accreditation provides the independent way to judge the quality of degrees, and is also honored by three global bodies (Wiggett 2008). These are the Association to Advance Collegiate Schools of Business (AACSB); the Association of MBAs (AMBA) and European Quality Improvement System (EQUIS). Grading the institutes also helps in choosing a university or business school but it is very different from accreditation (Wiggett 2008). According to the Boston Universitys School of Management, it has been seen that business schools are years behind the corporate practices. The students are not provided with any kind of practical knowledge. These universities include business and society textbooks and a number of business law textbooks which deal with environmental issues (Barnes Ferry 1992).

Oliver Twist, Hamlet, and Autism :: essays research papers

There are things in life which have an impact on us, an event, a place, movie, a person and many other experiences influence our thoughts and emotions. People also feel touched by things they read. There are books which make you cry or keep you in tension all these things are considered memorable. I have been affected by innumerable books and articles of which I am going to discuss the three most memorable pieces of literature I have read. Which are: Hamlet, Oliver Twist and an article on Autism. I chose to write about these pieces of literature because apart from having impacted me they have a similar topic which makes the term paper more appealing. Hamlet is one of my favorite plays written by William Shakespeare. Just by being written by my favorite author, Shakespeare, makes it memorable, but apart from that the play has a well structured plot and vivid characters. The play, Hamlet, by William Shakespeare, was first performed around 1600. Since then, it has proven to be one of the English language's most enduring stories, and there has never been a decade that hasn't seen dozens of new productions. Hamlet has come to the screen numerous times, in incarnations varying from early, silent versions to grand, colour epics.1 The story centres on Hamlet, a thirty-year old Prince of Denmark during the twelfth century, who is mourning the death of his beloved father and the untimely wedding of his mother, Gertrude, to his uncle Claudius.2 Hamlet sees his mother's sudden re-marriage as a betrayal of her union with his father, but worse news is yet to come. An apparition, appearing in the shape of Hamlet's father, haunts Elsinore Castle, and when Hamlet confronts the ghost, it claims to be the true spirit of the late king, doomed to walk the Earth for a set time. It also states that, by using a fast-acting, deadly poison, Claudius committed murder to claim both queen and crown for himself. Hamlet vows revenge, and thus begins either his slow spiral into madness or his carefully orchestrated act to appear insane.3 The mixture of fantasy and reality if one of the things I like about Hamlet. The appearance of the â€Å"ghost† at the beginning of the play makes the plot exiting and grabs people attention immediately.

Religious Hypocrisy in Mark Twains The Adventures of Huckleberry Finn :: Adventures Huckleberry Huck Finn Essays

   Huckleberry Finn – Religious Hypocrisy       Every so often a piece of literature is written that can question the beliefs of millions of people with what they hold to be true. Nothing is held to be truer than the feeling of righteousness, being faithful, morally pure, and the idea of an exalted higher purpose- religion. The Adventures of Huckleberry Finn questions this truth. Indirectly, Mark Twain argues and criticizes the great deal of religious hypocrisy the American culture faces. Through the masterful use of satire and anecdote, the author conveys his repulsion to the dishonest church goers and religious practices, often cloaked behind a veil of humor. Mark Twain uses mountains of satirical imagery to help carry his theme. I took up, and held it in my hand. I was trembling, because I'd got to decide, forever, betwixt two things, and I knowed it. As a runaway boy, Huck Finn has the painstaking choice of doing the right thing to write a letter to the owner of a runaway slave and tell where the slave was, or go to hell if he helps the slave Jim, his friend. Morally, Huck is taught to give Jim in, but he sacrifices himself to take up wickedness again and steal Jim out of slavery. Defying his religious teachings, ironically, Huck does the most Christ like thing.    Mark Twain creatively puts in incidents that the reader can infer to represent religion and the church followers who refuse to learn the teachings. Another time, when Huck talks to a skiff with two men in it with guns looking for runaway slaves, he lies to stop them from searching his raft and finding Jim. He tells them that his pap got smallpox, and he needed their help to move the raft. The guys who were so concerned to rave through the raft are making excuses not to. Now we're trying to do you a kindness; so you just put twenty miles between us. The men don't want the smallpox so they feel sorry for Huck and they give him a twenty-dollar gold piece each. The men symbolize the church followers who solve any problem they have by giving money to the church and believing that they solved the problem but in reality only ran away from it. Religious Hypocrisy in Mark Twain's The Adventures of Huckleberry Finn :: Adventures Huckleberry Huck Finn Essays    Huckleberry Finn – Religious Hypocrisy       Every so often a piece of literature is written that can question the beliefs of millions of people with what they hold to be true. Nothing is held to be truer than the feeling of righteousness, being faithful, morally pure, and the idea of an exalted higher purpose- religion. The Adventures of Huckleberry Finn questions this truth. Indirectly, Mark Twain argues and criticizes the great deal of religious hypocrisy the American culture faces. Through the masterful use of satire and anecdote, the author conveys his repulsion to the dishonest church goers and religious practices, often cloaked behind a veil of humor. Mark Twain uses mountains of satirical imagery to help carry his theme. I took up, and held it in my hand. I was trembling, because I'd got to decide, forever, betwixt two things, and I knowed it. As a runaway boy, Huck Finn has the painstaking choice of doing the right thing to write a letter to the owner of a runaway slave and tell where the slave was, or go to hell if he helps the slave Jim, his friend. Morally, Huck is taught to give Jim in, but he sacrifices himself to take up wickedness again and steal Jim out of slavery. Defying his religious teachings, ironically, Huck does the most Christ like thing.    Mark Twain creatively puts in incidents that the reader can infer to represent religion and the church followers who refuse to learn the teachings. Another time, when Huck talks to a skiff with two men in it with guns looking for runaway slaves, he lies to stop them from searching his raft and finding Jim. He tells them that his pap got smallpox, and he needed their help to move the raft. The guys who were so concerned to rave through the raft are making excuses not to. Now we're trying to do you a kindness; so you just put twenty miles between us. The men don't want the smallpox so they feel sorry for Huck and they give him a twenty-dollar gold piece each. The men symbolize the church followers who solve any problem they have by giving money to the church and believing that they solved the problem but in reality only ran away from it.

Forecasting Lost Sales Case Study Essay

Carlson Department store suffered heavy damage from a hurricane on August 31. As a result the store was closed for four months, September through December. Carlson is in dispute with its insurance company regarding the lost sales for the length of time the store was closed. Section II: Problem Identification Two issues to address are the amount of sales Carlson department store would have made if there had been no hurricane and if they are entitled to any compensation for excess sales due to increased business activity after the storm. One further important factor is that eight billion dollars in federal disaster relief and insurance money came in to the county which in turn increased sales at department stores and numerous other businesses in the area. Section III: Approach: The method to be used is forecasting with seasonality in order to obtain approximate sales data for the months that Carlson was closed. Section IV: Options After reviewing different methods of forecasting and their measures of forecasting accuracy the linear forecasting method is shown to be the most effective given that the mean square error, and the mean absolute error and the mean absolute percentage error are very close to zero. *See attached Excel spreadsheet for further clarification/breakdown of forecasting methods. However, although the linear trend line can be useful it can also prove to be inappropriate for business retail sales. Real trends change their slope and intercept over time and rarely tend to follow a fixed straight line. Therefore, linear regression with seasonality will be used to determine lost sales. In the past five years Carlson’s overall monthly average for sales was 2.43375. The monthly averages for the months under consideration are as follows; September: 1.8975 October: 2.215 November: 2.775 and December: 4.1875. Approximately thirty nine percent of Carlson’s sales occur within the Sept through December months. The seasonal index as show in figure 6.7 further breaks this down. While reviewing Carlson  department store’s forecasted sales for September through December and taking into account that the time frame is during the holiday season; it is apparent that sales typically increase during this period in relation to seasonality. Section V: Conclusions/Recommendations Figure 6.6 displays the forecast of lost sales for Carlson had there been no hurricane. This table displays that Carlson is entitled to 12.43 million in lost sales for the four months that it was closed. The surrounding department stores showed a consistent increase in sales during the four listed months (September through December) as shown in figure 6.9. The amount of sales were well above what was typically forecasted (On average the surrounding department stores did 18.67 million above forecast). The amount of sales during this time frame increased by 27.03 percent. Based off of this data, Carlson should be provided additional compensation for the increase of sales they would have encountered from disaster relief funds and insurance money. Carlson would have gained an approximate increase of 3.36 million in sales, therefore making the total compensation owed to Carlson from their insurance company 15.788 million for lost sales. Section VI: Other Considerations Some other factors that may require further consideration are moving holidays, or the effect of holidays on the forecasting method. Some holidays may have changing dates which can impact more than one month in a way that depends upon the date. Section VII: Resources References Anderson, D. R., Sweeny, D., Williams, T., Cann, J., Cochran, J., Fry, M., & Ohlmann, J. (2013). Quantitative Methods For Business. Mason, OH: South-Western Cengage Learning.

Principles of Macroeconomics Essay

Topic: Tolstoy’s narrator remarks that Ivan Ilych’s life has been â€Å"most simple and most ordinary and therefore most terrible† (731). Explain how the events of Ivan’s life support this assessment. What is terrible about the ordinary? There are many milestones in one’s life. Graduating college, getting a job, getting married, buying a house and having kids. For most people these are joyous events that are celebrated with family and friends; and come with hard work. However some people have a different mindset towards life. They perform tasks for the mere sake of getting the job done and life almost seems like a check list. There is a difference between being alive and truly living. Being alive is fulfilling the responsibilities and duties that are required of you. Truly living is when you seize every moment and make the most of it. One appreciates the small pleasures in life and is satisfied with what he or she has. It is easy to go through life without realizing you are not enjoying it. We get so caught up in trying to be the best version of ourselves that we don’t stop and appreciate the small things that bring every day joy. In â€Å"The Death of Ivan Ilych† Leo Tolstoy examines the life of a man, Ivan, who would have seemed to live a typical life with adequate wealth, high position, and family. However as we read on we come to realize that he is living almost robotically. Relationships don’t have much value in his life. He does what he thinks is the right thing to do, and follows the examples of everyone around him. He is scared of getting left behind and wants to make a name for himself. This leads to Ivan Ilych’s life being â€Å"most simple and most ordinary and therefore most terrible† (1458). His life ends up being a total waste with no real friends, no happiness and lots of regret. It is not until Ivan is on his death bed in his final moments  that he realizes that the personal relationships we forge are more important in life than who we are or what we own. But by then it’s too late. Today’s society is very fast paced; everyone is always on the go. People think about the big picture and miss the small details of life. This is a very common mistake in the western culture. All working people want to follow the script of life, but th ere are some extremists like Ivan that take it to the next level. With every aspect in his life he wants to be perfect and will do anything to achieve and maintain his status. An example of his extreme behavior is his love life. Ivan was at a point in his life where he settled down in a new town and life was pleasant. There â€Å"he met his future wife, Praskovya Fedorovana Mikhel, who was the most attractive, clever and brilliant girl of the set in which he moved† (1461). He establishes a light relation with her; and slowly she falls in love with him. Ivan had no intension of marrying her, he thinks of his marriage primarily in terms of himself. He thinks of marrying her only because she had all the qualities that he thinks a good wife is supposed to have; she came from a good family, was good looking, had an income and â€Å"it [marriage] was considered the right thing by most highly placed of his associates† (1461). So Ivan gets married; it doesn’t sound like he is madly in love with her. It’s more like he marries her because other people tell him it’s a good thing to do and he doesn’t have any objections. For I van other people’s approval and views matter more than his own views. Marriage is one of the most important and joyous events in one’s life; most  people get married when they think is the right time for them and with whom they think is the right person, however for Ivan it’s just another task on the checklist. In other words Ivan got married just for the sake of getting married. There was no joy or excitement; he makes marriage look like a simple and ordinary event in one’s life. Relationships are easy to make but hard to maintain. As Ivan’s married life goes on he realizes that marriage is not as easy and pleasant as he thought. As things started to change in his life, he felt depressed and helpless. He wants to escape and live life his own way, invite friends over for a game of cards and go to the club in the evenings. On the other hand his wife wanted him to spend more time with her and there was nothing wrong with that, it is expected. Every wife wants  her husband to spend time with her especially while she’s pregnant. However for Ivan his work is more attractive because it brings him success and that’s what’s most important to him. He doesn’t understand the importance of family and ignores his wife; Ivan spends more time at work and becomes more ambitious than before. Money is an essential need in life and it is a man’s responsibility to provide his family with all the comforts of life, since the men are usually the breadwinners of the household. However if you pay too much attention to money it can damage your relationship with your family because you lose out on time with them. Relationships with family have a much larger effect on quality of life than money does. However Ivan fails to realize this and concentrations totally on work, it is not until he’s on his death bed that he understands the importance of family in life but by then it’s too late. Going back into his childhood it is clear that Ivan was just what â€Å"he remained for the rest of his life: a capable, cheerful, good-natured, and sociable man† (1459). Everyone has someone or the other who they look up to and follow in life. Ivan was attached to people of high position, therefore established friendly relations with them. He took their blueprint of life which consisted to wealth and social status; and blindly followed it. Ivan did all the things they did, even though he didn’t like what he was doing. He was disgusted with himself and regarded everything he did to be wrong but because all these things were done by people with good position, it did not matter (1459). Childhood is the best part for most people; they do what they want, don’t care about others and most importantly have fun. However Ivan got so caught up in being the best version of himself, he missed all these cheerful things. He did what he thought to be the right things, which were the things done by successful people. It is not bad to follow successful people, everyone should do that however not to the extent that Ivan did. He did not listen to his heart or brain. He even chose his friends on the base of their social status and not whether he liked them or not. If something seemed wrong to him, he tried to forget it only because it was regarded right by the people with good position. There wasn’t anything special about his childhood, he basically followed a script. After law school Ivan’s life is pleasant; he performs his job and makes his career in the province. Later  in his life he takes up the post of examining magistrate in a new town (1460). His social life picks up where it left off. Ivan â€Å"picked out the best circle of legal gentlemen and wealthy gentry living in the town † (1461) to associate with. Here’s another example where Ivan does something because it seems the right thing to do. He wanted to be recognized in society and be powerful so he establishes relationships with rich and powerful people. It didn’t matter if he liked them or not. The relationships he developed with them were on the surface and were just a show, compared to normal friendships that last forever. These men did not have any meaning in his life and vice versa; this is proven when he passed away and his friends care more about their promotions rather than being sad on a loss of a friend. People always compare their lifestyles and what they have to their friends and people around them. It’s a non-ending cycle of always wanting what you don’t have. Ivan was never content with what he had, and it was evident in his life choices. After working as an examining magistrate for a while â€Å"he was expecting to be offered the post of a presiding judge in a University town† (1463). Instead to his horror a colleague got the post. In response to this he quit his job. He began actively hunting for a better position and succeeded. His friend helped him land a position that was two times better than his old one. He was thrilled that he proved his colleagues wrong who failed to appreciate him. It is evident that he was more excited to show off his new position to his â€Å"enemies† than to be genuinely happy about being able to provide more for his kids and wife. We should always take a moment to step back and enjoy what they have before life makes us realize it’s too late. With Ivan’s new job came more money. This led to a bigger and better lifestyle. He bought a grand house and furnished it with expensive pieces. Slowly his dream of having everything he could ever dream of was coming true. He had obtained the status he always wanted, purchased all the expensive things and was slowly getting satisfied with everything. As he settled in to the new lifestyle he always wanted; he quickly became bored. It wasn’t as great as he thought it would be. All throughout his life he always looked at the big picture. He was so concentrated on getting his dream job, house and lif estyle that he didn’t enjoy and appreciate the small pleasures that came along the way. He sacrificed all the small joys of life for the end result and now that it was time for Ivan to enjoy the results of  his hard work, life took a turn in the opposite direction. As he was setting up his new house, he injured himself while putting up curtains. As time went on his injury got worse, and he was never able to fully enjoy the things he had worked for. Ivan’s life had no special moments, as he never understood the joy in small achievements. He took them as simple and ordinary things. As we examine Ivan’s life it is clear to us that it was a total failure as most of the time he was lonely and didn’t have any friends or family he confided his worries to. He never paid attention to his relationships and did not make an effort towards them. As his Injury gets worse it begins to take a toll on his life, forcing him to stay at home. Now that he is at home all the time he begins thinking of his life and starts reflecting on it. Slowly everything hits him. All the mistakes he made are becoming visible to him from his childhood to his relationship with his wife to his job. He is realizing he spent his whole life chasing what he thought would make him a happy man and that he really wasn’t happy at all. He did not establish any friendships at a young age, and the ones that he did were not real, they were on the surface. His life is flashing before his eyes. The empty feeling he had his whole life is turning into regret. As he thinks about his mistakes he realizes that he intended to live life in a certain way, but ended up living in a completely different manner. Like everyone else Ivan didn’t realize this while he was  making these mistakes. He wasted his life running after wealth and status; and failed to build real relationships. In reality he didn’t achieve anything in life other than tangible objects. We as the reader saw these opportunities for him to change throughout his life. As a child Ivan didn’t like what he was doing. He was disgusted with the things he did to become one of the high positioned people. He could have understood that this is not the right way to live life but he was so determined to achieve his goal he turned wrong things into right in his eyes. Later on in his life after he got married, his wife showed frustration towards him, she wasn’t happy with the way of his lifestyle. Most people care about their close ones and try to change for them, whereas Ivan ran away from the situation and started working more and spending less time with his family. He did the opposite of what a normal person would do. Instead of listening to his heart and brain  he changed his morals; instead of strengthening his relations he neglected them. His life choices were ordinary; it seemed like he was just being alive and not truly living. Normally when people die, they are remembered for all the memories and great things they did. Their loved ones grieve over the loss of a friend and family member. A person leaves a legacy after passing away. Many want that legacy to be one of the good times and the memories spent with people you love. However Ivan was unsuccessful in doing that. He was so obsessed with being successful while he was alive it was evident his friends were friends with him for all the wrong reason. After receiving the news of their friend Ivan’s death the first thought of each of his friends was of the changes and promotions it might occasion among  themselves or their acquaintances (1453). Instead of being sad, his friends thought of the benefits they’d get. This shows the type of friendship he had established with his friends. Not only had his friends, his wife too thought about the benefits of his death. Her main concern was â€Å"how she could obtain a grant of money from the government on the occasion of her husband’s death (1457). This was a result of Ivan’s behavior and lack of love towards her. She was a good and loving person; but over time marriage changed her. While Ivan was alive he didn’t treat her with love or give her the place of a wife in his life. Ivan’s wife’s and friends’ behavior give a perfect picture of how he lived his life. He just fulfilled his responsibilities just for the sake of getting them done. Ivan was ordinary in the sense that he had no friends or loved ones. For an outsider looking in on his life he had it all; a big house, nice car, wife, kids and respectable job. However life is not about the tangible objects; houses and cars are just materials but life has a bigger meaning than that. At the end of the day if all the objects were to be taken away from him he has no relationships to hold onto. Life always boils down to the relationships we have, our loved ones and the happiness of our families. It is unfortunate that Ivan realized this when it was too late and he couldn’t do anything about it. Hence his life was â€Å"most simple and most ordinary and therefore most terrible†. Ivan’s misunderstanding of the things that truly mattered in life is what made his life so terrible. Love, respect, intimacy, and happiness are the things that really make life worth living not wealth, power, and property.

Characterization through Dialogue in Hemingway’s Works Essay

Alan Pryce-Jones (qtd. in Lamb 453) stated to describe the creative contribution of Ernest Hemingway in Literature that it is â€Å"his innovative dialogue might turn out to be his enduring memorial as a writer.† On the other hand, Elizabeth Bowen (qtd. in Lamb 454-455) said that dialogue in short stories or novels should copy as much as possible several â€Å"realistic qualities† of a conversation, namely: spontaneity, ambiguity, artlessness, allusiveness, irreverence, and erraticness. She further adds that the use of dialogue for the cause of exposition is rarely used for this purpose considering that elaboration can be done right at the start of the story. The use of dialogue to expose components of the story, particularly characterization, plus the drama inherent in it, is very difficulty to do. To start, the elementary literary definition of characterization of a story can be pursued by direct means. This is where the author narrates things concerning the character. A way to do this is bay giving description of the clothes the character wears, the manner by which he gesticulate,   or the way he stride on the street. The second means is through indirect method. This technique is shown on how he speaks, reacts and acts. The most usual way a writer address this component of characterization is done using the latter technique. And this is applied usually through dialogue or through the conversation between two characters. Ernest Hemingway wrote the Hills Like White Elephants in 1927. This story is included in the short story anthology Men Without Women. The story runs about a woman and a man. Both are sitting at a bar in a station waiting for a train going to Madrid. And they talk. By the way they converse, it is obvious that have spent sometime with each other. If the reader would casually read how the conversation happening between the two go, he will from the start of the story until it is finished end up clueless as to what is going on with the characters in the story. In a sense, Hills Like White Elephants display the iceberg theory of Hemingway and his deftness in handling dialogue in a story. If Hemingway was widely seen as a writer who wrote primarily for the dominating male, in Hills Like White Elephants, he is able to dissect the workings of a relationship where females most of the time are subjected to an unbalance relationship and furthermore dominated by the males (Raeburn 208). The means by which Hemingway is able to exploit this is through his creative creation of dialogue that discloses the characteristics of the couple: their speech, action and reaction. Through the use of dialogue, Hemingway is able rise to the dexterous ability to give character to his protagonist and antagonist. For a reader to totally appreciate and efficiently understand the characterization that Ernest Hemingway applied in Hills Like White Elephants and also to most of his stories, the reader first ought and must understand the tool and method by which the writer employ to express implicitly and indirectly the drama that is happening between the characters. This tool which ingeniously utilized by Hemingway is technique in his stories is called dialogue. Hemingway’s stories, as exemplified by Hills Like White Elephants, mainly runs marvelously through the innovation and utilization of the form of dialogue. This single-handedly tackled major aspects of characterization like speech, action of the characters and reaction of the characters. To quote again Alan Pryce-Jones (qtd. in Lamb 453), the creative contribution of Ernest Hemingway in Literature is â€Å"his innovative dialogue might turn out to be his enduring memorial as a writer.† Works Cited Lamb, Robert P. â€Å"Hemingway and the Creation of Twentieth-Century Dialogue.† Twentieth Century Literature 42 (1996): 453-580 Raeburn, John. â€Å"Skirting the Hemingway Legend.† American Literary History 1(1989):206-218

Bag of Bones CHAPTER TWO

I never suffered from writer's block during the ten years of my marriage, and did not suffer it immediately after Johanna's death. I was in fact so unfamiliar with the condition that it had pretty well set in before I knew anything out of the ordinary was going on. I think this was because in my heart I believed that such conditions only affected ‘literary† types of the sort who are discussed, deconstructed, and sometimes dismissed in the New York Review of Books. My writing career and my marriage covered almost exactly the same span. I finished the first draft of my first novel, Being Two, not long after Jo and I became officially engaged (I popped an opal ring on the third finger of her left hand, a hundred and ten bucks at Day's Jewellers, and quite a bit more than I could afford at the time . . . but Johanna seemed utterly thrilled with it), and I finished my last novel, All the Way from the Top, about a month after she was declared dead. This was the one about the psychotic killer with the love of high places. It was published in the fall of 1995. I have published other novels since then a paradox I can explain but I don't think there'll be a Michael Noonan novel on any list in the foreseeable future. I know what writer's block is now, all right. I know more about it than I ever wanted to. When I hesitantly showed Jo the first draft of Being Two, she read it in one evening, curled up in her favorite chair, wearing nothing but panties and a tee-shirt with the Maine black bear on the front, drinking glass after glass of iced tea. I went out to the garage (we were renting a house in Bangor with another couple on as shaky financial ground as we were. . and no, Jo and I weren't quite married at that point, although as far as I know, that opal ring never left her finger) and puttered aimlessly, feeling like a guy in a New Yorker cartoon one of those about funny fellows in the delivery waiting room. As I remember, I fucked up a so-simple-a-child-can-do-it birdhouse kit and almost cut off the index finger of my left hand. Every twenty minutes or so I'd go back inside and peek at Jo. If she noticed, she gave no sign. I took that as hopeful. I was sitting on the back stoop, looking up at the stars and smoking, when she came out, sat down beside me, and put her hand on the back of my neck. ‘Well?' I said. ‘It's good,' she said. ‘Now why don't you come inside and do me?' And before I could answer, the panties she had been wearing dropped in my lap in a little whisper of nylon. Afterward, lying in bed and eating oranges (a vice we later outgrew), I asked her: ‘Good as in publishable?' ‘Well,' she said, ‘I don't know anything about the glamorous world of publishing, but I've been reading for pleasure all my life Curious George was my first love, if you want to know ‘ ‘I don't.' She leaned over and popped an orange segment into my mouth, her breast warm and provocative against my arm. ‘ and I read this with great pleasure. My prediction is that your career as a reporter for the Derry News is never going to survive its rookie stage. I think I'm going to be a novelist's wife.' Her words thrilled me actually brought goosebumps out on my arms. No, she didn't know anything about the glamorous world of publishing, but if she believed, I believed . . . and belief turned out to be the right course. I got an agent through my old creative-writing teacher (who read my novel and damned it with faint praise, seeing its commercial qualities as a kind of heresy, I think), and the agent sold Being Two to Random House, the first publisher to see it. Jo was right about my career as a reporter, as well. I spent four months covering flower shows, drag races, and bean suppers at about a hundred a week before my first check from Random House came in $27,000, after the agent's commission had been deducted. I wasn't in the newsroom long enough to get even that first minor bump in salary, but they had a going-away party for me just the same. At Jack's Pub, this was, now that I think of it. There was a banner hung over the tables in the back room which said GOOD LUCK MIKE WRITE ON! Later, when we got home, Johanna said that if envy was acid, there would have been nothing left of me but my belt-buckle and three teeth. Later, in bed with the lights out the last orange eaten and the last cigarette shared I said, ‘No one's ever going to confuse it with Look Homeward, Angel, are they?' My book, I meant. She knew it, just as she knew I had been fairly depressed by my old creative-writing teacher's response to Two. ‘You aren't going to pull a lot of frustrated-artist crap on me, are you?' she asked, getting up on one elbow. ‘If you are, I wish you'd tell me now, so I can pick up one of those do-it-yourself divorce kits first thing in the morning.' I was amused, but also a little hurt. ‘Did you see that first press release from Random House?' I knew she had. ‘They're just about calling me V. C. Andrews with a prick, for God's sake.' ‘Well,' she said, lightly grabbing the object in question, ‘you do have a prick. As far as what they're calling you . . . Mike, when I was in third grade, Patty Banning used to call me a booger-hooker. But I wasn't.' ‘Perception is everything.' ‘Bullshit.' She was still holding my dick and now gave it a formidable squeeze that hurt a little and felt absolutely wonderful at the same time. That crazy old trouser mouse never really cared what it got in those days, as long as there was a lot of it. ‘Happiness is everything. Are you happy when you write, Mike?' ‘Sure.' It was what she knew, anyway. ‘And does your conscience bother you when you write?' ‘When I write, there's nothing I'd rather do except this,' I said, and rolled on top of her. ‘Oh dear,' she said in that prissy little voice that always cracked me up. ‘There's a penis between us.' And as we made love, I realized a wonderful thing or two: that she had meant it when she said she really liked my book (hell, I'd known she liked it just from the way she sat in the wing chair reading it, with a lock of hair falling over her brow and her bare legs tucked beneath her), and that I didn't need to be ashamed of what I had written . . . not in her eyes, at least. And one other wonderful thing: her perception, joined with my own to make the true binocular vision nothing but marriage allows, was the only perception that mattered. Thank God she was a Maugham fan. I was V. C. Andrews with a prick for ten years . . . fourteen, if you add in the post-Johanna years. The first five were with Random; then my agent got a huge offer from Putnam and I jumped. You've seen my name on a lot of bestseller lists . . . if, that is, your Sunday paper carries a list that goes up to fifteen instead of just listing the top ten. I was never a Clancy, Ludlum, or Grisham, but I moved a fair number of hardcovers (V. C. Andrews never did, Harold Oblowski, my agent, told me once; the lady was pretty much a paperback phenomenon) and once got as high as number five on the Times list . . . that was with my second book, The Red-Shirt Man. Ironically, one of the books that kept me from going higher was Steel Machine, by Thad Beaumont (writing as George Stark). The Beaumonts had a summer place in Castle Rock back in those days, not even fifty miles south of our place on Dark Score Lake. Thad's dead now. Suicide. I don't know if it had anything to do with writer's block or not. I stood just outside the magic circle of the mega-bestsellers, but I never minded that. We owned two homes by the time I was thirty-one: the lovely old Edwardian in Derry and, in western Maine, a lakeside log home almost big enough to be called a lodge that was Sara Laughs, so called by the locals for nearly a century. And we owned both places free and clear at a time of life when many couples consider themselves lucky just to have fought their way to mortgage approval on a starter home. We were healthy, faithful, and with our fun-bones still fully attached. I wasn't Thomas Wolfe (not even Tom Wolfe or Tobias Wolff), but I was being paid to do what I loved, and there's no gig on earth better than that; it's like a license to steal. I was what midlist fiction used to be in the forties: critically ignored, genre-oriented (in my case the genre was Lovely Young Woman on Her Own Meets Fascinating Stranger), but well compensated and with the kind of shabby acceptance accorded to state-sanctioned whorehouses in Nevada, the feeling seeming to be that some outlet for the baser instincts should be provided and someone had to do That Sort of Thing. I did That Sort of Thing enthusiastically (and sometimes with Jo's enthusiastic connivance, if I came to a particularly problematic plot crossroads), and at some point around the time of George Bush's election, our accountant told us we were millionaires. We weren't rich enough to own a jet (Grisham) or a pro football team (Clancy), but by the standards of Derry, Maine, we were quite rolling in it. We made love thousands of times, saw thousands of movies, read thousands of books (Jo storing hers under her side of the bed at the end of the day, more often than not). And perhaps the greatest blessing was that we never knew how short the time was. More than once I wondered if breaking the ritual is what led to the writer's block. In the daytime, I could dismiss this as supernatural twaddle but at night that was harder to do. At night your thoughts have an unpleasant way of slipping their collars and running free. And if you've spent most of your adult life making fictions, I'm sure those collars are even looser and the dogs less eager to wear them. Was it Shaw or Oscar Wilde who said a writer was a man who had taught his mind to misbehave? And is it really so far-fetched to think that breaking the ritual might have played a part in my sudden and unexpected (unexpected by me, at least) silence? When you make your daily bread in the land of make-believe, the line between what is and what seems to be is much finer. Painters sometimes refuse to paint without wearing a certain hat, and baseball players who are hitting well won't change their socks. The ritual started with the second book, which was the only one I remember being nervous about I suppose I'd absorbed a fair amount of that sophomore-jinx stuff; the idea that one hit might only be a fluke. I remember an American Lit lecturer's once saying that of modern American writers, only Harper Lee had found a foolproof way of avoiding the second-book blues. When I reached the end of The Red-Shirt Man, I stopped just short of finishing. The Edwardian on Benton Street in Derry was still two years in the future at that point, but we had purchased Sara Laughs, the place on Dark Score (not anywhere near as furnished as it later became, and Jo's studio not yet built, but nice), and that's where we were. I pushed back from my typewriter I was still clinging to my old IBM Selectric in those days and went into the kitchen. It was mid-September, most of the summer people were gone, and the crying of the loons on the lake sounded inexpressibly lovely. The sun was going down, and the lake itself had become a still and heatless plate of fire. This is one of the most vivid memories I have, so clear I sometimes feel I could step right into it and live it all again. What things, if any, would I do differently? I sometimes wonder about that. Early that evening I had put a bottle of Taittinger and two flutes in the fridge. Now I took them out, put them on a tin tray that was usually employed to transport pitchers of iced tea or Kool-Aid from the kitchen to the deck, and carried it before me into the living room. Johanna was deep in her ratty old easy chair, reading a book (not Maugham that night but William Denbrough, one of her contemporary favorites). ‘Ooo,' she said, looking up and marking her place. ‘Champagne, what's the occasion?' As if, you understand, she didn't know. ‘I'm done,' I said. ‘Mon livre est tout fini.' ‘Well,' she said, smiling and taking one of the flutes as I bent down to her with the tray, ‘then that's all right, isn't it?' I realize now that the essence of the ritual the part that was alive and powerful, like the one true magic word in a mouthful of gibberish was that phrase. We almost always had champagne, and she almost always came into the office with me afterward for the other thing, but not always. Once, five years or so before she died, she was in Ireland, vacationing with a girlfriend, when I finished a book. I drank the champagne by myself that time, and entered the last line by myself as well (by then I was using a Macintosh which did a billion different things and which I used for only one) and never lost a minute's sleep over it. But I called her at the inn where she and her friend Bryn were staying; I told her I had finished, and listened as she said the words I'd called to hear words that slipped into an Irish telephone line, travelled to a microwave transmitter, rose like a prayer to some satellite, and then came back down to my ear: ‘Well, then that's all right, isn't it?' This custom began, as I say, after the second book. When we'd each had a glass of champagne and a refill, I took her into the office, where a single sheet of paper still stuck out of my forest-green Selectric. On the lake, one last loon cried down dark, that call that always sounds to me like something rusty turning slowly in the wind. ‘I thought you said you were done,' she said. ‘Everything but the last line,' I said. ‘The book, such as it is, is dedicated to you, and I want you to put down the last bit.' She didn't laugh or protest or get gushy, just looked at me to see if I really meant it. I nodded that I did, and she sat in my chair. She had been swimming earlier, and her hair was pulled back and threaded through a white elastic thing. It was wet, and two shades darker red than usual. I touched it. It was like touching damp silk. ‘Paragraph indent?' she asked, as seriously as a girl from the steno pool about to take dictation from the big boss. ‘No,' I said, ‘this continues.' And then I spoke the line I'd been holding in my head ever since I got up to pour the champagne.'†He slipped the chain over her head, and then the two of them walked down the steps to where the car was parked.†' She typed it, then looked around and up at me expectantly. ‘That's it,' I said. ‘You can write The End, I guess.' Jo hit the RETURN button twice, centered the carriage, and typed The End under the last line of prose, the IBM's Courier type ball (my favorite) spinning out the letters in their obedient dance. ‘What's the chain he slips over her head?' she asked me. ‘You'll have to read the book to find out.' With her sitting in my desk chair and me standing beside her, she was in perfect position to put her face where she did. When she spoke, her lips moved against the most sensitive part of me. There were a pair of cotton shorts between us and that was all. ‘Ve haff vays off making you talk,' she said. ‘I'll just bet you do,' I said. I at least made a stab at the ritual on the day I finished All the Way from the Top. It felt hollow, form from which the magical substance had departed, but I'd expected that. I didn't do it out of superstition but out of respect and love. A kind of memorial, if you will. Or, if you will, Johanna's real funeral service, finally taking place a month after she was in the ground. It was the last third of September, and still hot the hottest late summer I can remember. All during that final sad push on the book, I kept thinking how much I missed her . . . but that never slowed me down. And here's something else: hot as it was in Derry, so hot I usually worked in nothing but a pair of boxer shorts, I never once thought of going to our place at the lake. It was as if my memory of Sara Laughs had been entirely wiped from my mind. Perhaps that was because by the time I finished Top, that truth was finally sinking in. She wasn't just in Ireland this time. My office at the lake is tiny, but has a view. The office in Derry is long, book-lined, and windowless. On this particular evening, the overhead fans there are three of them were on and paddling at the soupy air. I came in dressed in shorts, a tee-shirt, and rubber thong sandals, carrying a tin Coke tray with the bottle of champagne and the two chilled glasses on it. At the far end of that railroad-car room, under an eave so steep I'd had to almost crouch so as not to bang my head when I got up (over the years I'd also had to withstand Jo's protests that I'd picked the absolute worst place in the room for a workstation), the screen of my Macintosh glowed with words. I thought I was probably inviting another storm of grief -maybe the worst storm but I went ahead anyway . . . and our emotions always surprise us, don't they? There was no weeping and wailing that night; I guess all that was out of my system. Instead there was a deep and wretched sense of loss the empty chair where she used to like to sit and read, the empty table where she would always set her glass too close to the edge. I poured a glass of champagne, let the foam settle, then picked it up. ‘I'm done, Jo,' I said as I sat there beneath the paddling fans. ‘So that's all right, isn't it?' There was no response. In light of all that came later, I think that's worth repeating there was no response. I didn't sense, as I later did, that I was not alone in a room which appeared empty. I drank the champagne, put the glass back on the Coke tray, then filled the other one. I took it over to the Mac and sat down where Johanna would have been sitting, if not for everyone's favorite loving God. No weeping and wailing, but my eyes prickled with tears. The words on the screen were these: today wasn't so bad, she supposed. She crossed the grass to her car, and laughed when she saw the white square of paper under the windshield. Cam Delancey, who refused to be discouraged, or to take no for an answer, had invited her to another of his Thursday-night wine-tasting parties. She took the paper, started to tear it up, then changed her mind and stuck it in the hip pocket of her jeans, instead. ‘No paragraph indent,' I said, ‘this continues.' Then I keyboarded the line I'd been holding in my head ever since I got up to get the champagne. There was a whole world out there; Cam Delancey's wine-tasting was as good a place to start as any. I stopped, looking at the little flashing cursor. The tears were still prickling at the corners of my eyes, but I repeat that there were no cold drafts around my ankles, no spectral fingers at the nape of my neck. I hit RETURN twice. I clicked on CENTER. I typed The End below the last line of prose, and then I toasted the screen with what should have been Jo's glass of champagne. ‘Here's to you, babe,' I said. ‘I wish you were here. I miss you like hell.' My voice wavered a little on that last word, but didn't break. I drank the Taittinger, saved my final line of copy, transferred the whole works to floppy disks, then backed them up. And except for notes, grocery lists, and checks, that was the last writing I did for four years.

An Overview of Sleep Deprivation and Its Effect on the Human Body

An Overview of Sleep Deprivation and Its Effect on the Human Body Sleep deprivation is the general term given to describe a state that occurs due to an inadequate amount of sleep or a consistent low quality of sleep. Sleep is as vital to the human body as food or water, and an insufficient amount of sleep can have severe effects on both physical and mental health. Disruptions to the sleep cycle and circadian rhythms such as shift work or jet lag have consequences on how the body functions. A person who is sleep deprived is more likely to have impaired judgment, is accident prone and make decisions that could affect them negatively. An individual who has not slept for more than 24 hours have a severe lack of hand eye coordination and suffers from similar symptoms of a person who has a blood alcohol level of 0.1. Sleep deprivation is not only linked to physical health, but also to mental health and the way we perform daily tasks. Sleep deprivation can occur due to multiple reasons. The most common reason for sleep deprivation is personal choice. Many people chose to go to bed at a late hour after spending time socialising or watching television, causing a reduce in the amount of sleep they get. Another reason is illness, as something such as tonsillitis can keep a person awake due to pain they are experiencing and they sleep poorly. Other reasons include sleep disorders such as insomnia or sleep apnoea, a poor sleeping environment or shift work. The topic of sleep deprivation on health related to psychological principles through altered states of awareness, or often known as altered states of consciousness. Consciousness is the term given to a process by which the brain creates a model of internal and external experience. Altered state of awareness is the term that describes a state where thoughts and actions that differs from that of a normal conscious person. Sensory overload, sleep deprivation and trauma can all lead to an altered state of awareness. A study conducted at Harvard University uncovered that a sleep deprived brain can not be in control of its sensorimotor functions and can have long term negative affects. Circadian Rhythms are mental, physical and behavioral changes that follow a 24-hour to 25-hour cycle, responding mainly to the light and darkness in the environment. Circadian Rhythms are found in most living things such as animals, humans, plants and even tiny microbes. The study of Circadian Rhythms is called Chronobiology. The body has more than 100 circadian rhythms. Each unique 24-hour cycle influences an aspect of your body’s function, including body temperature, hormone levels, heart rate, blood pressure and even pain threshold. Scientists can’t explain how this helps your brain ‘keep time’ but they do know the brain relies on outside influences known as zeitgebers, to keep it on a 24-hour schedule. Exogenous Rhythms are regulated by external events in the environment. Endogenous Rhythms are internally driven. External Factors associated with Circadian Rhythms: Daylight – when daylight hits your eyes, cells in the retinas signal your brain Sleep Social Contact Regular Meal Times All of these things send time keeping messages to your brain. Sleep hygiene refers to habits and practices that are conductive to sleeping well on a regular basis and can be introduced through different situations such as a repetitive sleep wake cycle. You sleep better when your temperature is lowest, which is commonly in the early hours of the morning between 4 and 6am. You’re most likely to wake up when your temperature starts to rise, between 6am and 8am. As you age, your brains ‘pacemaker’ looses cells which changes your circadian rhythms – mainly noticeable in how you sleep. There are 5 stages of sleep. The first 4 stages of sleep are non REM (Rapid Eye movement). The fifth and final stage of sleep is REM (Rapid Eye Movement). Each cycle last approximately 90 minutes, and each person experiences roughly 4-6 cycles per night. The first time through the cycle you only spend about 10 minutes in REM Sleep – which increases to 30 to 60 minutes by the last cycle. When a person suffers from sleep deprivation, they do not experience each stage of sleep and therefore do not get the benefits they would such as waking up feeling refreshed. There are both long term and short term effects that occur when a person does not get an adequate amount of sleep both with chronic sleep deprivation and partial sleep deprivation. Chronic sleep deprivation is where a person does not get enough sleep over an extended period of time, and suffer from the effects long term. Partial sleep deprivation is the term given to a person who has some sleep during a 24-hour period but not enough to meet needs, and may only occur occasionally. In cases of extreme sleep deprivation, psychosis can occur, where a person experiences being desensitized to surroundings and at a loss of personal identity. They struggle to cope with people and the environment, however this usually only occurs after 6 days of sleep deprivation. The most common short term effects of sleep deprivation include anxiety, drowsiness, becoming easily distracted, a decreased alertness and cognitive impairment and severe stress. These symptoms occur as the sleepiness a person feels slows down their thought processes, putting them in an altered state of awareness. Concentration levels are lowered and it becomes more difficult to complete complex tasks. The nerve connections that make our memories are strengthened during sleep, and therefore sleep deprivation causes stress and forgetfulness. Without sleep, anything learned or experienced over the day will not be embedded in short term memory. In addition to these short term affects that severely alter an individuals state of consciousness, long term effects are even more dangerous. People who suffer from chronic sleep deprivation are more likely to experience anxiety disorders and depression. They are also at a higher risk of chronic health problems such as high blood pressure, heart disease and stroke. The interruption of circadian rhythms can lead to these problems and severely affect a persons mental health and physical well being.